How to create self signed certificates programmatically ?

The most common approach of generating a self-signed certificate is using the  java keytool.

There may be a situation when you want to create a self signed certificates programmatically One approach of programmatically generating these self-signed certificates is through the Bouncy Castle API.

To start with this, you need to have the Bouncy Castle jar in your classpath.(You can download it from here)


Steps to generate self signed certificate key:

1. Create a public/private key pair for the new certificate

 
        KeyPairGenerator keyPairGenerator = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");
        keyPairGenerator.initialize(1024, new SecureRandom());
        KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGenerator.generateKeyPair();

 

2. Create new certificate Structure

        // GENERATE THE X509 CERTIFICATE
        X509V3CertificateGenerator v3CertGen =  new X509V3CertificateGenerator();
        v3CertGen.setSerialNumber(BigInteger.valueOf(System.currentTimeMillis()));
        v3CertGen.setIssuerDN(new X509Principal("CN=cn, O=o, L=L, ST=il, C= c"));
        v3CertGen.setNotBefore(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() - 1000L * 60 * 60 * 24));
        v3CertGen.setNotAfter(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + (1000L * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365*10)));
        v3CertGen.setSubjectDN(new X509Principal("CN=cn, O=o, L=L, ST=il, C= c"));
        v3CertGen.setPublicKey(keyPair.getPublic());
        v3CertGen.setSignatureAlgorithm("SHA256WithRSAEncryption");
        cert = v3CertGen.generateX509Certificate(keyPair.getPrivate());

3. Store the Certificate with the private key

       KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");   
        keyStore.load(null, null);
        keyStore.setKeyEntry("YOUR_CERTIFICATE_NAME", key, "YOUR_PASSWORD".toCharArray(),  new java.security.cert.Certificate[]{cert});
        File file = new File(".", "keystore.test");
        keyStore.store( new FileOutputStream(file), "YOUR_PASSWORD".toCharArray() );


I have uploaded the tutorial over here.

How to generate Self-Signed Certificate Using keytool

The example uses the keytool utility to create a new self signed certificate.

1. Open the command console (Run as Administartor) on whatever operating system you are using and navigate to the directory where keytool.exe is located.
2. Run the following command (where validity is the number of days before the certificate will expire):
   keytool -genkey -keyalg RSA -alias selfsigned -keystore keystore.jks  -keysize 1024
3. Fill in the prompts for your organization information. 

This will create a keystore.jks file containing a private key and  self signed certificate. 

MySql: Give Root User Logon Permission From Any Host

I have already updated about this in my previous blog but that was from UI, In this tutorial You can do the same task from MySQL client itself.


To configure this feature, you’ll need to update the mysql user table to allow access from any remote host, using the % wildcard.

Open the command-line mysql client on the server using the root account.
Then you will want to run the following two commands, to see what the root user host is set to already:

use mysql;
select host, user from user;

Here’s an example of the output on my database.

mysql> use mysql;
Database changed

mysql> select host,user from user;
+-----------+------+
| host      | user |
+-----------+------+
| localhost        | root |
| 127.0.0.1 | root |
| ::1       | root |
| localhost |      |
+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.07 sec)

Now I’ll update the localhost host to use the wildcard, and then issue the command to reload the privilege tables. If you are running this command, substitute the hostname of your box for localhost.

update user set host=’%’ where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;
flush privileges;

Now You are able to connect to mysql from any other machine using the root account.

Liquibase Tutorial

What is Liquibase ?

1. LiquiBase — available since 2006 — is an open source, freely available tool for migrating from one database version to another, It is an open source database-independent library for tracking, managing and applying database changes.
   
2. A handful of other open source database-migration tools are on the scene as well, including openDBcopy and dbdeploy. LiquiBase supports 10 database types, including DB2, Apache Derby, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Microsoft® SQL Server, Sybase, and HSQL.
   

2. All changes to the database are stored in XML files and identified by a combination of an "id" and "author" tag as well as the name of the file itself.
   
3. A list of all applied changes is stored in each database which is consulted on all database updates to determine what new changes need to be applied.
   
4. LiquiBase executes changes based on this XML file to handle different revisions of database structures and data.
   
5. When you first run a changelog, LiquiBase manages those changelogs by adding two tables into your database.
   databasechangelog: maintains the database changes that were run.
   databasechangeloglock: ensures that two machines don't attempt to modify the database at one time.
   

To install LiquiBase, download the compressed LiquiBase Core file, extract it, and place the included liquibase-version.jar file in your system's path.
Getting started with LiquiBase takes four steps:

1. Create a database change log file.
2. Create a change set inside the change log file.
3. Run the change set against a database via the command line or a build script.
4. Verify the change in the database.
   

Sample changeLog file:  The above is an example of creating table EMPLOYEE and adding columns into it.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<databaseChangeLog xmlns="http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog http://www.liquibase.org/xml/ns/dbchangelog/dbchangelog-2.0.xsd">
      
    <changeSet author="waheed" id="123456789-1">

 <comment> You can add comments to changeSets.</comment>
        <createTable tableName="EMPLOYEE">
            <column autoIncrement="true" name="EMPLOYEE_ID" type="BIGINT">
                <constraints nullable="false" primaryKey="true" />
            </column>
            <column name="NAME" type="VARCHAR(255)" />
            <column name="GENDER" type="VARCHAR(2)" />
            <column name="COUNTRY" type="VARCHAR(255)" />
            <column name="ABOUT_YOU" type="VARCHAR(255)" />
        </createTable>
    </changeSet>
</databaseChangeLog> 

Running LiquiBase from the command line:
After defining the change set, I can run LiquiBase from the command line:

Running LiquiBase from the command line

liquibase --driver=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver \ --classpath=mysql_connector.jar \ --changeLogFile=database.changelog.xml \ --url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/Employees;create=true \ --username= --password= \ update

In this example, I run LiquiBase passing in:

• The database driver
• The classpath for the location of the database driver's JAR file
• The name of the change log file “database.changelog.xml”
• The URL for the database
• A username and password
  

Running LiquiBase in an automated build
Instead of using the command-line option, I can make the database changes as part of the automated build by calling the Ant task provided by LiquiBase.

Ant script to execute the updateDatabase Ant task

<target name="update-database"> <taskdef name="updateDatabase" classname="liquibase.ant.DatabaseUpdateTask" classpathref="project.class.path" /> <updateDatabase changeLogFile="database.changelog.xml" driver="com.mysql.jdbc.Driverr" url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/Employees" username="" password="" dropFirst="true" classpathref="project.class.path"/> </target>

I create a target called update-database. In it, I define the specific LiquiBase Ant task I wish to use, calling it updateDatabase. I pass the required values, including the changeLogFile and connection information for the database. The classpath defined in classpathref must contain liquibase-version.jar.



Applying refactorings to an existing database
As new features are added to an application, the need often arises to apply structural changes to a database or modify table constraints. LiquiBase provides support for more than 30 database refactorings.



Add Column
It's sometimes next to impossible to consider all of the possible columns in a database at the beginning of a project. And sometimes users request new features — such as collecting more data for information stored in the system — that can require new columns to be added.

Using the Add Column database refactoring in a LiquiBase change set

<changeSet author="waheed" id=”123456789-2”> <addColumn tableName="EMPLOYEE"> <column name="PHONE_NUMBER" type="varchar(255)" defaultValue=”SOME_DEFAULT_VALUE”/> </addColumn> </changeSet>

The new PHONE_NUMBER column is defined as a varchar datatype.


Drop Column
Suppose, you choose to remove the PHONE_NUMBER column you added above. This is as simple as calling the dropColumn refactoring:

Dropping a database column

<dropColumn tableName="EMPLOYEE" columnName="PHONE_NUMBER"/>

Create Table
Adding a new table to a database is also a common database refactoring. Creates a new table called USER, defining its columns, constraints, and default values:

Creating a new database table in LiquiBase

<changeSet author="waheed" id=”123456789-3”> <createTable tableName="USER"> <column name="ID" type="int"> <constraints primaryKey="true" nullable="false"/> </column> <column name="NAME" type="varchar(255)"> <constraints nullable="false"/> </column> <column name="ADDRESS" type="varchar(255)"> <constraints nullable="true"/> </column> <column name="active" type="boolean" defaultValue="1"/> </createTable> </changeSet>

This example uses the createTable database refactoring as part of a change set (createTable was also used back).



Rename Column

<changeSet author="waheed" id=”123456789-5”> <comment>Add a username column so we can use "person" for authentication</comment> <addColumn tableName="EMPLOYEE"> <column name="usernae" type="varchar(8)"/> </addColumn> </changeSet>

The second update will add “usernae” (typo mistakes is on purpose) with width 8 characters
Now, we need to fix the usernae become username

<changeSet author="waheed" id=”123456789-6”> <comment>Fix misspelled "username" column</comment> <renameColumn tableName="EMPLOYEE" oldColumnName="usernae" newColumnName="username" columnDataType="varchar(8)"/> </changeSet>

Manipulating data
After applying structural database refactorings (such as Add Column and Create Table), you often need to insert data into tables affected by these refactorings. Furthermore, you might need to change the existing data in lookup tables or other types of tables. Below example shows how to insert data using a LiquiBase change set:

Inserting data in a LiquiBase change set

<changeSet author="waheed" id=”123456789-4”> <code type="section" width="100%"> <insert tableName="USER"> <column name="ID" valueNumeric="3"/> <column name="NAME" value="ABDUL"/> </insert> <insert tableName="USER"> <column name="ID" valueNumeric="4"/> <column name="NAME" value="WAHEED"/> </insert> </changeSet>

Suppose, You may have already written SQL scripts to manipulate data, or the LiquiBase XML change set may be too limiting. And sometimes it's simpler to use SQL scripts to apply mass changes to the database. LiquiBase can accommodate these situations too.

Running a custom SQL file from a LiquiBase change set

<changeSet author="Waheed" id=”123456789-5”> <sqlFile path="insert-distributor-data.sql"/> </changeSet>

How to integrate With Spring:
<bean id="dataSource" class="com.mchange.v2.c3p0.ComboPooledDataSource"
destroy-method="close">
<property name="driverClass" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" />

<property name="jdbcUrl" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/Employees" />
<property name="user" value="root" />
<property name="password" value="root123" />
<property name="minPoolSize" value="8" />
<property name="maxPoolSize" value="16" />
<property name="maxIdleTime" value="3600" />
</bean>
<!-- Updater is used to automatically update DB  upon startup if
        Application version has changed -->
    <bean id="LiquibaseUpdater" class="liquibase.integration.spring.SpringLiquibase">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
        <property name="changeLog" value="classpath:db-changelog.xml" />
    </bean>
<!-- Needed here to make sure Liquibase updater runs prior to DAO's startup, Your DAO class -->
    <bean class="com.waheed.spring.hibernate.DaoImpl" id="dao"
        depends-on="LiquibaseUpdater">
    </bean>


Resources:
http://www.liquibase.org

How to get Current Thread Example

1. /*
2.         This Java example shows how to get reference of current thread using
3.         currentThread method of Java Thread class.
4. */
5.  
6. public class GetCurrentThread {
7.  
8.         public static void main(String[] args) {
9.                
10.                 /*
11.                  * To get the reference of currently running thread, use
12.                  * Thread currentThread() method of Thread class.
13.                  *
14.                  * This is a static method.
15.                  */
16.                
17.                 Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
18.                 System.out.println(currentThread);
19.                
20.         }
21. }
22.  
23. /*
24. Output of the example would be
25. Thread[main,5,main]
26. */

Should Logger members of a class be declared as static?

Advantages for declaring loggers as static	Disadvantages for declaring loggers as static
common and well-established idiom less CPU overhead: loggers are retrieved and assigned only once, at hosting class initialization less memory overhead: logger declaration will consume one reference per class	For libraries shared between applications, not possible to take advantage of repository selectors. It should be noted that if the SLF4J binding and the underlying API ships with each application (not shared between applications), then each application will still have its own logging environment. not IOC-friendly
Advantages for declaring loggers as instance variables	Disadvantages for declaring loggers as instance variables
Possible to take advantage of repository selectors even for libraries shared between applications. However, repository selectors only work if the underlying logging system is logback-classic. Repository selectors do not work for the SLF4J+log4j combination. IOC-friendly	Less common idiom than declaring loggers as static variables higher CPU overhead: loggers are retrieved and assigned for each instance of the hosting class higher memory overhead: logger declaration will consume one reference per instance of the hosting class

Explanation

Static logger members cost a single variable reference for all instances of the class whereas an instance logger member will cost a variable reference for every instance of the class. For simple classes instantiated thousands of times there might be a noticeable difference.
However, more recent logging systems, e.g log4j or logback, support a distinct logger context for each application running in the application server. Thus, even if a single copy of log4j.jar or logback-classic.jar is deployed in the server, the logging system will be able to differentiate between applications and offer a distinct logging environment for each application.
More specifically, each time a logger is retrieved by invoking LoggerFactory.getLogger() method, the underlying logging system will return an instance appropriate for the current application. Please note that within the same application retrieving a logger by a given name will always return the same logger. For a given name, a different logger will be returned only for different applications.
If the logger is static, then it will only be retrieved once when the hosting class is loaded into memory. If the hosting class is used in only in one application, there is not much to be concerned about. However, if the hosting class is shared between several applications, then all instances of the shared class will log into the context of the application which happened to first load the shared class into memory - hardly the behavior expected by the user.
Unfortunately, for non-native implementations of the SLF4J API, namely with slf4j-log4j12, log4j's repository selector will not be able to do its job properly because slf4j-log4j12, a non-native SLF4J binding, will store logger instances in a map, short-circuiting context-dependent logger retrieval. For native SLF4J implementations, such as logback-classic, repository selectors will work as expected.


Summary
In summary, declaring logger members as static variables requires less CPU time and have a slightly smaller memory footprint. On the other hand, declaring logger members as instance variables requires more CPU time and have a slighlty higher memory overhead. However, instance variables make it possible to create a distinct logger environment for each application, even for loggers declared in shared libraries. Perhaps more important than previously mentioned considerations, instance variables are IOC-friendly whereas static variables are not.

Check link for more info.

How to get directory size in linux ?

 du -sm <dir_name>